Jean Jacques Rousseau Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Jean Jacques Rousseau - Essay Example This assent of the general population is fundamentally significant for government assistance of a general public since this assent is legitimately identified with a low pace of wrongdoing, brutality, and mayhem. So as to maintain a strategic distance from exceptional results and to safeguard the matchless quality of the state over the people, numerous thinkers made incredible commitments to bringing issues to light about the implicit agreement. This extremely arresting idea picked force because of stupendous works presented by Jean-Jacques Rousseau. This paper is basically founded on investigating the profoundly paramount book composed by Rousseau in 1762 which is called â€Å"The Social Contract† (TSC). Following conversation will incorporate a far reaching investigation of this idea which was thoroughly promoted by Rousseau in his book. The exposition will attempt to investigate what precisely Rousseau implies by the term â€Å"Social contract† and what is the idea of its relationship with governmental issues. Rousseau was very much aware of the worth added by common opportunity to righteous execution throughout everyday life, so he inconclusively worried on supplanting individual flexibility with common opportunity. He recommended that common endeavors or commitments without an implicit understanding will undoubtedly be viewed as oppressive (Rousseau 2004, p. 195). Be that as it may, an implicit understanding persuades the whole network to force an insubordinate individual to comply with the general will. Rousseau was of the view that this kind of network conduct adds massive solidarity to mind and character. It was never his aim to drive individuals into bondage in light of the fact that in TSC, he doesn't ask his crowd to totally forfeit their physical opportunity. Or maybe, he focuses on that the social request is in reality a method of safeguarding characteristic opportunity. Rousseau is profoundly aware of the way that abundance of everything is terrible. There is a degree to which p hysical opportunity ought to be yielded so as to be conceded into a common society and become a full and

The Reasons for the Travelers' Discontent with the Service Quality in Case Study

The Reasons for the Travelers' Discontent with the Service Quality in Flight - Case Study Example In this paper, we will take a gander at the serious issues looked by clients and accompany approaches to defeat them in the light of HR. We will make a human asset technique plan which these aircrafts ought to apply for their appropriate management.The universe of the carrier business is expanding quickly. The clients request and desires for individuals from aircrafts are expanding. Be that as it may, the main focal point of aircrafts nowadays is to expand their piece of the overall industry, and in this offer, they will in general disregard numerous different issues which sway consumer loyalty. As indicated by HR, it’s an obligation of each organization to offer great and palatable types of assistance to clients. This administration doesn’t just advance the business yet in addition makes a steadfast client of the company.Today’s clients aren’t cheerful and content with the administrations gave via carriers. What's more, the majority of these issues are id entified with client administrations which in the long run go under the human asset division. Interestingly, where today’s business world is paying a ton of significance and need to a human asset, numerous organizations are just engaged to make profits.Some of the basic issues looked by clients nowadays via carriers are as following:- Unfriendly administrations and conduct towards clients in flight;â - Security measures are taken such that makes challenges passengers;â - Staffs of carrier administrations are unpleasant and inconsiderate; - Biased treatment to clients based on class that they are traveling;â  -Unscheduled travel flights; - Slow activity towards clients issue; - Unhelpful and unfriendly conduct towards client requests and asks.

Panic Attack Types and Symptoms

Panic Attack Types and Symptoms Panic Disorder Symptoms Print An Overview of Panic Attack Types and Symptoms What you need to know about the two main types By Katharina Star, PhD facebook linkedin Katharina Star, PhD, is an expert on anxiety and panic disorder. Dr. Star is a professional counselor, and she is trained in creative art therapies and mindfulness. Learn about our editorial policy Katharina Star, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on November 01, 2014 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on October 20, 2019 More in Panic Disorder Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Coping Related Conditions In This Article Table of Contents Expand Symptoms Types Diagnosis Panic Attacks in Panic Disorder Treatment View All Back To Top Panic attacks are characterized by feelings of fear, dread, and uncomfortable physical symptoms. These attacks are not classified as a mental health disorder on their own but typically occur as a part of a mental illness or medical condition. Panic attacks are classified into two types: expected and unexpected. Heres what you need to know about each one. Symptoms The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5), is the handbook used by mental health providers in making accurate diagnoses. According to the diagnostic criteria listed in the DSM-5, panic attacks are experienced as a sudden sense of fear and dread. These symptoms are accompanied by at least four other mental, emotional, and physical symptoms. The four or more other symptoms may include: Heart palpitations or accelerated heart rateExcessive sweatingTrembling or shakingShortness of breath or smothering sensationsFeeling of chokingChest pain or discomfortNausea or abdominal painFeeling dizzy, unsteady, lightheaded, or faintChills or hot flashesDerealization and/or depersonalizationFear of losing control or going crazyFear of dyingFeelings of numbness or tingling sensations (paresthesias)?? The symptoms of panic attacks typically occur rapidly and peak within minutes. Once a panic attack has subsided, the symptoms can taper off completely or the panic sufferer can remain in an anxious state, possibly repeating the panic attack cycle again. Limited-symptom panic attacks occur when all criteria are met, but the person experiences less than four of the listed symptoms.?? Physical Symptoms of Panic and Anxiety Disorders Types of Panic Attacks Not only can panic attacks vary in intensity and duration, but they can also differ according to what prompted the attack. The DSM-5 lists two separate and distinct types of panic attacks: expected panic attacks and unexpected panic attacks. Expected Panic Attacks These attacks are anticipated when a person is subjected to specific cues or panic triggers. For instance, someone who has a fear of enclosed spaces (claustrophobia) may expect to have panic attacks when in an elevator or other cramped areas. A person who has a fear of flying (aerophobia) may predictably have a panic attack when boarding a plane, at the time of take-off, or at some time during the flight.?? Unexpected Panic Attacks These panic attacks occur suddenly without any obvious cause or indication. When an unexpected panic attack occurs, a person can be completely relaxed before symptoms develop. This type of panic attack doesnt accompany any conscious internal cues, such as having fearful thoughts, feelings of intense dread and anxiety, or uncomfortable physical sensations. Unexpected attacks also dont occur with external cues, such as specific phobias or being exposed to a frightening event or situation.?? Types of Panic Attacks and Criteria for Diagnosis Panic Attacks and Diagnosis Panic attacks are most often associated with a diagnosis of panic disorder but can be associated with other mental health disorders. Panic attacks are often related to mood and anxiety disorders, such as agoraphobia, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), social anxiety disorder (SAD), specific phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder. These attacks can also occur in conjunction with a variety of mental health disorders, including personality disorders, eating disorders, and substance-related disorders.?? If youre experiencing panic attacks, your doctor or qualified mental health provider can determine if your panic symptoms are an indication that you have panic disorder or a different condition. Your practitioner can provide you with an accurate diagnosis and a proper treatment plan. The earlier you get treated for your panic symptoms, the sooner you can expect to manage your panic attacks.?? How Do Specialists Diagnose Panic Disorder? Panic Attacks in Panic Disorder Panic disorder is a complex mental health condition that involves feelings of anxiety and apprehension. As outlined in the DSM-5, panic disorder is classified as an anxiety disorder with its own distinct set of diagnostic criteria. Having experienced one unanticipated panic attack is usually a sign that a person can expect to have more of them in the future. Persistent and unexpected panic attacks are the hallmark feature of a  panic disorder. People diagnosed with panic disorder may also be subject to having nocturnal panic attacks, a type of unexpected panic attack that occurs when a person is sound asleep and wakes them up with panic symptoms.?? Panic disorder typically develops in late adolescence or early adulthood, but can occasionally begin in childhood or late adulthood. Research has found strong familial links, suggesting that having a close biological family member with panic disorder puts someone at greater risk for developing this condition. Panic disorder is almost twice as prevalent in women than men. The causes of panic disorder arent currently known. Different theories examine the influence of environmental, biological, and psychological influences. Most experts agree that panic disorder is the result of a combination of these factors.?? Common Risk Factors Associated With Panic Disorder A person with panic disorder may experience great limitations due to panic attacks. For example, they may spend a significant amount of time worrying about future panic attacks and may even avoid certain places and situations that they believe will contribute to the possibility of having a panic attack. Additionally, many people with panic disorder deal with loneliness and isolation, feeling ashamed of their symptoms and fearing that others would negatively judge them for their panic symptoms. Treatment for Panic Disorder Even though theres not a cure for a  panic disorder, there are numerous treatment options available to help people manage their symptoms. The most common options include prescribed medication and/or psychotherapy. Most of those with panic disorder will choose both these options along with practicing self-help techniques. Medications for panic disorder, such as antidepressants and benzodiazepines, can reduce the intensity of panic attacks and other anxiety-related symptoms. Psychotherapy can assist in helping you deal with difficult emotions and develop healthy coping techniques. Regardless of the options someone chooses, its important to get help for panic and anxiety. The sooner a diagnosis has been made and treatment begins, the quicker a person can expect to cope with symptoms and manage life with panic disorder.?? The 7 Best Online Anxiety Support Groups

Media Literacy Is Not Just Important - 1401 Words

â€Å"Media literacy is not just important, it’s absolutely critical. It’s going to make the difference between whether kids are a tool of the mass media or whether the mass media is a tool for kids to use† (Linda Ellerbee). In a culture enthralled by the media, the concept of â€Å"Media Literacy† has been one that has materialized multiple definitions. But the most commonly used is that media literacy is the ability to access, analyze, evaluate and produce media in a variety of forms. Since the advent of the media, our society has been laid victims to the beliefs and suggestions being portrayed by the media, molding us into mindless spectators. The ability to understand and analyze media provides us freedom from the subliminal bearings of media. As a result of being in close contact with the media and media related content, it has now become critical for an individual to be able to understand those contents and replicate them. Although the aforementioned definition connotes the importance of media literacy, it doesn’t do it justice by leaving out the key concepts of media literacy. In the article, Understanding New Media Literacy the author identifies those concepts as â€Å"a combination of information skills, conventional literacy skills, and social skills†. It is not only the ability of an individual to question the media and be able to interpret its messages, it is also the ability to hone skills that critical to communicating and advancing in today s society.Show MoreRelatedAnnotated Bibliography of Articles Related to Media Literacy902 Words   |  4 Pagesunderstanding of the role of media literacy for Latino/a high school students. High School Journal 94(4), pp. 167-186. In a qualitative study of a small group of Latino/a high school students, the researchers found that students perceived negative cultural messages in media they were asked to watch. The messages were not obvious to the teachers who selected the media and who were not part of this ethnic group. The study serves as a cautionary tale for teachers when selecting media for their classroomsRead MoreThe Effects Of Mass Media On American Culture951 Words   |  4 PagesEffects of Mass Media Introduction Why is mass media influencing the American culture? This is what we are going to be discussing in this essay. It’s important that we understand where the media has come from and where it is now and the journey that it is taking the American culture in the last century. America has now explored what un-traditional media and it has a major impact on the culture called new media. What were the major developments in the evolution of mass media during the lastRead MoreEssay On Mass Media1277 Words   |  6 PagesHUM/186 September 25, 2017 Allyson Wells INTRODUCTION Mass Media reaches a large part of our audiences today, whether it be from the movies, advertising, the internet, newspapers, magazines, twitter, you tube, Instagram, Facebook and so forth and because of this it can affect how we think and believe, both personally and as a society. Today, I will address three specific areas that product mass media channels have been used and has made a difference, either to me personally, orRead MoreStudy on Technology and Media Literacy With Respect to University Students and Their Professors1079 Words   |  4 PagesThe problem posed in the study concerns technology media literacy with respect to university students and their professors. At the local level, some professors and university librarians may also view media literacy as a problem. Easy access to so many information and entertainment choices now requires that people acquire new knowledge and skills to make wise and responsible decisions (Hobbs, 2011, p. 14). Because technology and entertainment media are part of everyday life for many people, assumptionsRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Social Media769 Words   |  4 Pages Social Media Paper Joshua Yates HUM/186 10/1/2017 Allyson Wells â€Æ' The Advantages and Disadvantages of Social Media and Obtainable Information Social media has become an integrated part of our culture and a useful communication tool when properly used. Every day people log on to social media sites to get updates on everything from celebrities, family, and friends to top stories and breaking news. We also use social media in our professional lives. Individuals use social media as a cost-effectiveRead MoreEssay on Mass Media Development and Lieracy Assignment Options908 Words   |  4 PagesMass Media: Development and Literacy Assignment Options Brittnee Green University Of Phoenix HUM/186 Mass Media: Development and Literacy Assignment Options In today’s society mass media has such an influence whether it is positive or negative. It plays an important role in our everyday lives. Mass media affects everyone in the world. The purpose of mass media is everything tied into the advancement of technology and most often education, news, internet, television, magazines, and so muchRead MoreAs Many Of You School Administrators Know, Technology Impacts1174 Words   |  5 Pagesvia media outlets that constantly influences students. Many of my students are media inclined; they are familiar with how to manipulate cellular devices, maneuver video games, how to access YouTube, and other media related things. Herrington and Emmans suggests a media literacy curriculum to redirect â€Å"one of the most powerful influences in the lives of today’s youth,† without it educators and other important figures would lose children’s interest (2002). Per Pat Kipping, the design of media educationRead MoreReflection About Media Literacy Reflection1416 Words   |  6 PagesMedia Literacy Reflection What was the most useful part of the week for you? Media education is an important aptitude for anybody today, particularly for more youthful ages, who are investing increasingly energy devouring the media. The Kaiser Family Foundation as of late found that people going from 8 to 18 years of age spend a normal of 7 hours and 38 minutes expending media. This is a hour and seventeen minutes longer daily than five years prior, a hop which the Kaiser Family Foundation puts downRead MoreApplication Of An Information Literacy Program1735 Words   |  7 Pagesstrong information literacy program is essential when it comes to helping students be able to use information effectively throughout their life. The focus of an information literacy program is not merely to distribute information but should focus on the process of learning. In order to determine if a program will help increase information literacy it is important that we are familiar with the AASL Standards and the State Standards since they are the scope of an information literacy program. TheRead MoreA Digital World Of Information And Communication1625 Words   |  7 Pagescommunication, it is imperative for us to begin thinking about reading and literacy in a new way. Our students must be proficient in what scholars describe as â€Å"new literacies.† This relatively new perspective in literacy instruction acknowledges and investigates the literacy practices that are borne out of digital technology (Houtman, 2013). In today’s world, being a proficient learner requires more than the traditional literacy skills of reading and writing. Students must gain adeptness with the tools

Essay about Jonathan Swift - 894 Words

A Hardly â€Å"Modest† Proposal Jonathan Swift is regarded as one of the most famous satirical authors in history. He uses his wit, intellect and unfortunate past as tools for projecting his words in an attempt to baffle the unknowing. He achieves this by making humorous and farfetched situations that really resemble the ridiculous things people do. In â€Å"A Modest Proposal,† Swift addresses his feelings of England’s outlandish behavior towards the quot;less fortunate.quot; Swift is trying to help the English people realize the double standards they pass on the Irish and on people in general. The sole purpose of â€Å"A Modest Proposal† is to let it be known that we do not treat others equally and that humans easily become desensitized and†¦show more content†¦It is at this point that Swift’s satire has reached its pinnacle. One cannot help but think of how they would never consider the thought of consuming another human. However, the self indulged human characteristics come o ut and the reader is aware of how they treat the other people. The reader starts to analyze their own actions towards fellow man letting them become exposed for all the ways they have seemingly overlooked the poor and paid little to no attention of anyone one who is â€Å"less fortunate.† This can also translated into the way the English treat the Irish, which is what Swift is trying to convey. While this proposal may seem atrocious, the actual act of being eaten was simply a parallel to how the Irish were being treated. The English people â€Å"gobbled† them up by over taxation, over indulging and lifting their (the English people’s) standards to the point where the Irish had such a lower standard of life that â€Å"being eaten† seemed like a much better way to live. This is all irony that the reader may not notice until they exam their own life. Swift’s narrator â€Å"modestly† speaks of England relationship with Ireland by stating â€Å"But as to myself, having been wearied out for many years with offering in vain, idle, visionary thoughts, and at length utterly despairing of success, I fortunately fell upon this proposal, whichShow MoreRelatedJonathan Swift1088 Words   |  5 Pages4. Jonathan Swift (1667—1745) the foremost prose satirist in the English language His Writing The Battle of Books (1704) A Tale of Tub (1704) the Drapier’s Letters (1724) Gulliver’s Travels (1726) A Modest Proposal (1729) Gulliver’s Travels a collection of tales tied together by Gulliver a novel a satire a travel book a children book an allegory Satire A common form of the 18th Century, basically the ridiculing of any objects through laughter which will soften the blow TheRead MoreJonathan Swift Essay947 Words   |  4 PagesJonathan Swift 1. Swift wrote A Modest Proposal under a pseudonym, so who is the speaker here? The speaker is a Protestant and a member of the Irish upper class. 2. Discuss the tone of the piece. Pull examples from the text to support your discussion. Swift showed disgust for the people who would rather beg than take care of themselves. He says, â€Å"These mothers instead of being able to work for their honest livelihood, are forced to employ all their time in strolling to beg sustenanceRead MoreA Modest Proposal By Jonathan Swift860 Words   |  4 Pagesinformed to read â€Å"A Modest Proposal† by Jonathan Swift as an assignment for creating annotated bibliographies, I began to develop an interest on how Swift came about the matter of his request into rebuilding Ireland s economy and way of life. I believed that Swift added cannibalizing children to the subject matter to give his proposal a more profound and eye-opening effect, but my readings further piqued my interests on the topic. As a result, I researched Jonathan Swift’s motives and style behind hisRead MoreA Modest Proposal By Jonathan Swift910 Words   |  4 Pages1792, Jonathan Swift drafted an essay â€Å"A Modest Proposal† to bring awareness of a particular group of people being mistreated and victimized. Fast forward 284 years later, Martin Luther King Jr. gave a speech â€Å"I Have a Dream† bringing more public awareness of another group of people being mistreated and victimized. Today, 52 years later we are still struggling for human rights and equality; as a result, I feel our country is still just as torn now as it was 286 years ago. Jonathan Swifts â€Å"A ModestRead MoreA Modest Proposal By Jonathan Swift Essay836 Words   |  4 PagesIn Jonathan Swift’s â€Å"A Modest Proposal†, we are exposed to the timeless issue of homelessness and the state’s role in their social welfare. Swift was a fervent Irish patriot who was disgusted by the flourishing trend of beggars and hungry children that flooded the streets of his beloved country. This topic is relatable as this is a social issue that plagues many countries in the present age. Swift presents a satirical argument in which he proposes Ireland adopt the horrific practices of eating theirRead MoreA Modest Proposal By Jonathan Swift866 Words   |  4 PagesMichael Smith Professor Doyle World Literature II 6 August 2017 A Modest Proposal: Jonathan Swift In Jonathan Swift’s pamphlet â€Å"A Modest Proposal for Preventing the Children of Poor People from Being a Burthen to their Parents, or the Country, and for Making them Beneficial to the Publick† is a very controversial pamphlet about the starving people of Ireland. Swift suggests that the parents of the starving children commit cannibalism and sell their children as food. At this time, England’s footholdRead MoreA Modest Proposal By Jonathan Swift1340 Words   |  6 PagesA Modest Proposal was written in the year 1729 by the famous satirist Jonathan Swift. In his work he outlines the pros of eating unwanted children of Ireland for economical benefits in a time of great poverty. While the reader can obviously discard the idea of eating children, in his proposal, in a roundabout way, Swift speaks to hard pressing issues of the time. The state of Ireland is well described by Swift in this piece. He speaks of woman who â€Å"instead of being able to work for their honestRead MoreA Modest Proposal By Jonathan Swift1647 Words   |  7 PagesSatire in â€Å"A Modest Proposal† and Different Articles Jonathan Swift, author of â€Å"A Modest Proposal,† tries to present different ideas in order to change the situation of Ireland. Through his proposal, he is able to get people’s attention, and the way he uses satire throughout the article made his argument more successful. He wrote this essay to show how ignored and bad the state of Ireland and its social classes are. In â€Å"A Modest Proposal†, Swift effectively uses rhetorical exaggeration to expressRead MoreA Modest Proposal By Jonathan Swift1032 Words   |  5 PagesJonathan Swift’s satirical pamphlet, A Modest Proposal, as a way to ironically find a way For the CommonWealth of Ireland to benefit from the starving children. He proposes the idea that an unwanted child should be fattened up then feed to landlords or have their meat sold in the market. In turn curing the nation’s problem of overpopulation and contribute to the economic well-being of the nation. Swift’s satire exploits th e fundamental human function of eating. The need to eat is a driving humanRead MoreLiterary Analysis : Jonathan Swift1425 Words   |  6 PagesComp. II Oct. 27, 2015 Literary analysis The author I decided to write about is Jonathan Swift for he had a keen sense for effective sarcasm. As Jonathan Swift said â€Å"The proper words in the proper places are the true definition of style.† Though he was known in different ways, he was mostly popularized through his gift in writing, particularly his satire, or his use of humor and irony, essays. Through out swift life, there has been plenty of events where I believe shape the way he was, hence his

Mental Workload Assessment Free Essays

We all feel stressed out and strained when we have work to do. Not only that, we experience situations like this even if we are just studying. More often, we feel pressured just by thinking the amount of exams to be prepared for, or for that next project that is necessary for a good promotion in the company. We will write a custom essay sample on Mental Workload Assessment or any similar topic only for you Order Now Mental workload is the right term for the stress and strain we experience, especially with regards to studying and working.   The Hanover College defines mental workload as â€Å"the feeling of mental effort or the level of use of the human operators limited resources† (n.d.).   In short, mental workload is a demand placed upon humans (Xiaoli, n.d.). When there is too much mental workload, it might lead to errors. Preventing this makes mental workload important to be understood. However, due to the many factors that must be considered in discussing mental workload, defining it becomes difficult. Mental workload is important in driving and aviation and design. In fact, most of the studies conducted about mental workload were about driving and aviation and task demands. This is perhaps due to the fact that a driver is required to do not just one but many tasks. Moreover, even though a driver is experienced, accidents still occur. De Waard (1996) conducted a study on mental workload among drivers. He said that driving a car looks like a pretty simple task for everyone. Driving schools provide comprehensive lessons and manuals on how to drive safely. But no matter how good a driver can be, accidents cannot be avoided. Moreover, these accidents are attributed to human failure. Human failure is still increased due to several factors. First is the increasing number of vehicles on the road. There is a demand on the human information processing system, and also increase in the likelihood of vehicles colliding. Second, people drive well into old age. However, older people tend to suffer from problems in terms of divided attention performance. It all started with the car radio, and then car phones and other technological devices. The driver must divide his attention to all these systems besides controlling the vehicle. Lastly, those drivers in a diminished state may endanger him. Most of the time, drivers set out at night for the longer journeys to avoid traffic. Driving at night can cause him sleepiness and fatigue. Aside from this, the driver can also be intoxicated (de Waard, 1996). Xiaoli (n.d.) presented the factors which affect driver workload, including the following: fatigue, monotony, sedative drugs and alcohol. Environmental factors also affect drivers, such as traffic demands, automation and road environment demands. There are different techniques in assessing mental workload, including the following: performance measures, physiological measures, and subjective task measures (or self-report measures) (Luximon Goonetilleke, 2001). Primary and secondary task measures comprise the performance, or system output measures. An overview of each assessment technique will be discussed in the context of traffic research (driving or aviation). Performance Measures In Xiaoli’s (n.d.) slide presentation, he said that the measures usually belonging to this category are speed of performance, number of errors made and reaction time measures. Outside the laboratory, these become task-specific. De Waard (1996) said that most of primary-task measures include speed or accuracy measures. Aside from this, De Waard (1996) explained that primary-task performance establishes the efficiency of man-machine interaction. Not just the primary-task performance but also other workload measures must work together so that valid conclusions can be drawn about man-machine interaction. There are several approaches in the measurement of performance measures. First is the analytical approach (Meshkati, Hancock, Rahimi and Dawes, 1995). According to Welford (1978, cited in Meshkati, Hancock, Rahimi and Dawes, 1995), the analytical approach considers the detail at the actual performance of the task that will be assessed. Not only the overall achievement is examined but also the manner in which it is achieved. Another assessment technique is the synthetic methods. These start with a task analysis of the system. Task analytic procedures are then used to identify the specific performance demands placed on the operator. The third approach is the multiple measurement of primary task performance. This approach is very useful when individual measures of primary task performance do not show enough sensitivity to operator workload. On the other hand, Xiaoli (n.d.) indicated that secondary-task performance are about factors such as time estimation or time-interval production and memory-search tasks. The assumption associated with secondary task measure says that an upper limit exists on the ability of a human operator to gather and process information (Meshkati, Hancock, Rahimi Dawes, 1995). The way to measure secondary-task performance is through another task included to the primary one. De Waard (1996) mentioned about the multiple-resource theory. The theory says that â€Å"the largest sensitivity in secondary-task measures can be achieved if the overlap in resources is high† (De Waard, 1996). According to Hancock, Vercruyssen and Rodenburg (1992), a person must have the ability to synchronize their actions with the dynamics of differing environmental demands so that he can survive and prosper in uncertain conditions. This means that the person must have some degree of autonomy with respect to space and time. However, secondary-task measures have disadvantages to consider. According to De Waard (1996), time sharing is not very efficient if the same resources are utilized. Moreover, additional instrumentation is required in secondary-task measures. Not only that, but there is lack of operator acceptance. There are also possible compromises to system safety. Subjective Task Measures There is much talk about the self-report measures, which is also called subjective measures. In fact, for De Waard (1996), self-report measures are advantageous because they can better show the real meaning of mental workload. These measures’ subjectivity is what makes self-report measures strong. Muckler and Seven (1992, as cited in De Waard, 1996) explained that self-report measures are strong because the awareness of the operator about the increasing effort used must give subjective measures an important role to play. Moreover, performance and effort are incorporated in self-report measures. Additionally, individual differences, operator state and attitude are also considered. Xiaoli (n.d.) said that the primary advantages of subjective task measures are high face validity, ease of application and low costs. However, there are also limitations in these measures. First is that there might be confusion of mental and physical load in rating. There might also be an exhibition of the operator’s inability to differentiate between external demands and actual effort or workload experienced. Second, limitations can be seen in the operator’s ability to introspect and rate expenditure correctly. Hancock, Brill, Mouloua and Gilson (2002) added that another disadvantage of self-report measures is that they cannot be used for online workload assessment. Physiological Measures According to De Waard (1996), physiological measures showed sensitivity to global arousal or activation level and in some stages in information processing. One advantage of this is that physiological responses do not need an obvious response by the operator. Additionally, most cognitive tasks do not need overt behavior. Moreover, some of the measures can be collected continuously. Kramer (1991, cited in De Waard, 1996) showed some of the disadvantages of these measures. First is that there must be specialized equipment and technical expertise to be able to utilize these measures. Second is the presence of signal-to-noise ratios. Kramer furthered that in operator-system performance, the operator’s physiology is not directly involved, unlike in primary-task performance. Other physiological measures involved in driving are pupil diameter, endogenous eye blinks, blood pressure, respiration, electrodermal activity, hormone levels, event related potentials, and electromyogram. De Waard (1996) furthered that not all measures are sensitive to workload when it comes to performance. There are instances when dissociation between these measures of different categories was reported. He said that dissociation occurs between measures when they do not correspond to changes in the workload, or if there is an increase in one measure and a decrease in another. Performance is thus affected by the amount of resources invested and the demands on working memory. Hancock, Brill, Mouloua and Gilson (2002) said that although physiological measures present global assessments of workload, they do little to balance the demands of tasks on sensory systems. In addition, physiological measures provide little or no information about what sensory systems are most taxed. To measure mental workload, two groups must be considered (Gopher Donchin, 1986, cited in De Waard, 1996). Self-report measures, physiological measures and performance measures are included in the first group. This group supposes that it is probable to achieve a global measure of mental workload. The second group includes secondary-task measures and some of the physiological measures. This group is concerned about those diagnostic procedures and has something to do with the theories of multiple resources. References De Waard, Dick. (1996). The measurement of drivers’ mental workload. The Netherlands: The Traffic Research Center VSC. Hancock, P.A., Brill, J.C., Mouloua, M., Gilson, R.D. (2002). M-SWAP: On-line workload assessment in aviation. Paper presented at the 12th International Symposium on Aviation Psychology. Dayton, OH. Hancock, P.A., Vercruyssen, M., Rodenburg, G.J. (1992). The effect of gender and time-of-day on time perception and mental workload. Current Psychology: Research and Review,. 11, 203-225. Hanover College. (n.d.). Mental Workload. Retrieved October 27, 2007 from http://psych.hanover.edu/classes/hfnotes3/tsld022.html Luximon, A. Goonetilleke, R. (2001). Simplified subjective workload assessment technique. Ergonometrics, 44, 229-243. Meshkati, N., Hancock, P.A., Rahimi, M., Dawes, S.M. (1995). Techniques of mental workload assessment. In J. Wilson and E.N. Corlett, (Eds.). Evaluation of human work: A practical ergonomics methodology. (Second Edition), London: Taylor and Francis. Xiaoli, Yi. (n.d.). Measurements of mental workload. [Slide presentation]. Available on http://www.slideshare.net/ESS/measurement-of-mental-workload/             How to cite Mental Workload Assessment, Essay examples

Meal Management free essay sample

Meal management is the process whereby resources, both material and human, are used to obtain goals that have to do with feeding the individual or the group. It involves planning, organizing, controlling and evaluating the meal service. These are tasks directly associated with the health, welfare and happiness of the individual or the group. What people eat and the conditions under which the meals are served should always be considered to realize the goal of meal management. To be exact, the goal of meal management is to provide food that will ensure the physical and mental growth of the person, his social development and well-being, with a reasonable expenditure of available resources. The goals are specifically categorized as good nutrition, planned spending, satisfying meals, and controlled use of time and energy. 1. PLANNING MEALS Planning meals include not only the listing of foods to serve during a meal, known as the menu, but also these activities as well: 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Meal Management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Planning the food budget; 2. Planning for food purchase, choosing the market, buying and storing supplies; and 3. Planning for preparing and serving meals. In planning meals, the following factors should be considered: 1. Nutritional adequacy- or the provision of palatable foods that are rich in essential nutrients. Nutrient needs of an individual are affected by age, sex, body built, and activities engaged in by the individual. 2. The Food Budget- The food budget is influenced by the family income, knowledge of the market shopper’s shopping skills, family food, likes and dislikes, and either goals and values. 3. Differences in food habits- These include the dietary habits of nationality groups, regional food patterns, cultural and religious patterns, and socioeconomic background. 4. The time and skill of the meal manager- The length of meal preparation, the amount of experience, and the time available are to be considered. 5. Suitability, availability, and quality of the food to be served. 6. Aesthetic and psychological aspects of food – or the proper combination of flavor, texture and shapes as well as variety in color, form, and arrangement. 7. Equipment available for food preparation PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING MEALS Objective planning of meals enhances the meal manager’s chances of achieving her goals because she can control the use of her resources, especially the use of her time and energy in shopping, cooking, and serving meals and in decision-making. Furthermore, she can regulate her spending for food more easily. Objectivity in planning is possible if certain guidelines in meal planning are observed, such as: 1. Plan several day’s meals at a time, utilizing simple menus that are easy to prepare and serve. 2. Include more one-dish meals like sinigang, nilaga, bulanglang, tinola, and alike. 3. Plan meals that have interesting variety in color, texture and flavor. 4. Plan to serve foods that are not only in season but also enjoyed by the diner. 5. Plan dishes that do not entail too much preparation at one time. If possible, preparation can be started the day before the dish is served. 6. Consider palatable foods that are rich in essential nutrients. Consult the different food guides. 7. Make out a market list to avoid extra trips to the food stores. 8. Utilize leftovers and â€Å"convenience† foods when necessary. A GUIDE TO PLANNING NUTRITIOUS MEALS Meal planning is vital importance in the consideration of proper nutrition and family’s real enjoyment of food. Foods used in planning daily meals must be adequate from the nutritional standpoint. Knowledge of the food nutrients, their sources and functions will ensure the choice of nutritionally adequate meals. Moreover, the use of foods from the essential groupings suggested by the Foods nutrition research (FNRI) will facilitate the planning of a balanced diet. The Basic Food Groups, which consist of (a) energy foods; (b) body-building foods; and (c) regulating foods, are designed to include the most commonly used Filipino foods. Locally available foods are grouped according to their specific contributions to the diet. The recommended daily servings from food group for a normal adult are also indicated. THE FOOD PYRAMID The Food Pyramid is a diagram developed by nutrition experts all over the world to illustrate the balance of foods needed for a healthy lifestyle. It serves as a nutritional guideline in wisely choosing food to obtain the best balance of nutrients in the diet. The three major food groups are placed in the Food Pyramid, with indicators of healthy eating habits in terms of what foods one must eat. The food groups are classified as follows: 1. Eat least: foods, which are high in fat, sugar, salt, and alcohol. This food group is at the top of the pyramid. 2. Eat Moderately: foods with high protein content but which have high fat level (e. g. , pork, beef, chicken, milk, and eggs). This food group is in the middle of the pyramid. 3. Eat Most: foods, which are high in fiber and low in fat and sugar. A large proportion of these foods in the diet will help control weight and reduce fat levels in the blood. These are foods, which make up the base of the pyramid and should be the biggest part of the diet. The foods are to be chosen from three levels in the proportion shown, to make sure that there is a good balance of nutrients and variety in the diet. As used in meal planning, the Food Pyramid is a visual delight in the preparation of a nutritious and balanced diet. It facilitates the planning of some meals, which may require special diets for particular persons with health problems. More importantly, majority of normal diners is assured of a guide to healthful eating. SOURCES AND FUNCTIONS OF FOOD NUTRIENTS The basic nutrients that are essential in maintaining body functions and good health are (1) carbohydrates; (2) fats; (3) protein; (4) vitamins; (5) minerals; and (6) water. Carbohydrates – provide heat and energy to the body. More than half of our day’s requirement for energy comes from carbohydrates. Carbohydrates from rice, and other starchy foods such as corn, kamote, gabi, ubi, potato, and sugar also provide additional energy. However, they tend to occupy a large proportion of the day’s diet, leading to a disproportionate intake of food. Heavy intake of carbohydrates tend to limit the consumption of other foods which would supply more protein, mineral, and vitamins, thus resulting in deficiency disease. Fats – are concentrated sources of energy. They contain over twice the energy value of carbohydrates, weight for weight. Its inclusion in the diet enhances palatability and delays the onset of hunger. Fats also transport Vitamins A, D, E and K. good fat sources are egg yolk, meat, cheese, butter, and nuts. Twenty to twenty-five percent (20-25%) of our daily calorie requirement should come from fat. Proteins – build, repair, and maintain body tissues. They are important constituents of body cells. They form the hormones that regulate body processes and anti-bodies that fight infections. Proteins supply heat and energy when there is shortage of fats and carbohydrates in our meals. Proteins are made up of amino acids. There are twenty-two (22) such acids, eight (8) of which are considered essential because these cannot be manufactured by the body. These must come from food. Food proteins containing all eight (8) essential amino acids are called complete. Animals are good protein sources. These include meat, fish, shellfish, eggs, poultry, cheese, and milk. Also important, although incomplete, are proteins from plant sources such as those from cereal foods (bread, rice, flour, corn), nuts, beans, and peas. In a mixed diet, animal and plant proteins supplement one another. What one plant protein lacks in amino acid is made up the other to form a complete protein. We should get 10-13% of our daily calorie requirement from protein foods. Vitamins – are organic substances necessary for growth and maintenance of life. They must be provided in the diet. They are in small amounts in the body and act as catalysts or substances that hasten chemical reactions in body processes. They are carried in the blood stream to all parts of the body. As such, they control body chemistry and play important roles in normal growth, energy expenditure, reproduction, resistance to diseases, and general well-being. Many vitamins are destroyed during food processing and handling, thus making them unavailable. Enrichment is a measure which puts back lost nutrients in food. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are easily dissolved in fats and referred to as fat-soluble vitamins. Those that are dissolved in water, such as vitamins C and B-complex vitamins, are referred to as water-soluble vitamins. Vitamin A – is essential for normal eye functioning, resistance to infection, normal growth, and healthy skin. Good food sources include whole milk, butter, most cheeses, fish liver oil, and green or yellow parts of vegetables and fruits such as malunggay or kalabasa, ripe papaya and carrots, in the form of carotene. Vitamin B complex – namely thiamine, niacin, and riboflavin, are water-soluble. They are rapidly lost by the body in urine, feces, and sweat. They must be provided in our meals every day. Thiamine prevents beri-beri, helps convert carbohydrates into energy, and maintains good digestion and assimilation of food. Niacin plays important role in cell respiration, carbohydrate oxidation, and good digestion. A deficiency leads to a disease known as pellagra. Riboflavin aids protein utilization and affects the normal growth especially of the hair and skin. Vitamin C – is essential for healthy teeth, gums, and blood vessels. It is important to in the formation of collagen, a protein that helps support the skin, bones, and tendons. Good food sources are green leafy vegetables, and fresh fruits, especially citrus fruits. Vitamin V has to be provided every day in our meals. Vitamin D – is necessary for strong bones and teeth, and is produced by the action of sunlight on the skin. It is sometimes called the sunshine vitamin. Good food sources are liver, fish liver oil, egg yolks, and fortified milk. Vitamin E – like A, D, and K, is fat-soluble. It helps in the formation of red blood cells, muscles, and tissues, and prevents the abnormal breakdown of body fat. Good food sources are whole grain cereals, whole wheat bread, wheat germ, and vegetable oils. Vitamin K – is necessary for blood clotting and is manufactured in the intestinal tract by microorganisms. Good food sources are green leafy vegetables. Minerals – Some 18 minerals are considered necessary for regulating and maintaining body processes. Some of the most important are calcium, phosphorus, iron, copper iodine, sodium and potassium. Calcium and Phosphorus – are essential for the formation of good bones and teeth. Good food sources are milk, cheese, green leafy vegetables, small fishes, and nuts. Iron – is responsible for the formation of red blood. It is the major component of hemoglobin, the substance that carries oxygen in the blood. Iron deficiency in the diet leads to anemia. Good food sources include enriched bread and flour, unpolished rice, eggs, green leafy vegetables, meat, especially the internal organs, and fish. Iodine – affects the function of the thyroid glands. Deficiency of this nutrient causes simple goiter. Chief sources are seafood, marine plants and iodized salts. Sodium – is present in common table salt. It is essential for the normal functioning of body fluids and tissues. Potassium – is needed for healthy nerves and muscles, and is found in meat, fish, vegetables, and fruits. Copper – We need a small amount of copper which a well-planned meal will provide adequately. This nutrient is essential in iron utilization. Water – is an essential part of the body tissues and comprises 2/3 of the body weight. It is not considered as food, yet no one can live more than a few days without it. It is a lost in sweating and normal body excretions, through the intestinal tract and kidneys, and should be replenished every day. A loss of 10% fluid from the body is a serious menace to health. As a rule, 6-7 glasses of water or juices and other drinks are needed to maintain water balance in the body Without water, food cannot be digested, absorbed or carried properly to the different parts of the body as needed. No single cell can do its work properly without water. It is also a medium whereby the waste products are carried away to be excreted. Because it is a carrier of waste products, it is important in the prevention of constipation. Fiber or Cellulose – is the indigestible part of foods. It is not a nutrient but it provides roughage to stimulate the intestinal muscles for proper evacuation. Moreover, it promotes the growth of useful bacteria in the intestines. Good food sources are fruits, vegetables, and whole-grain breads and cereals. Lack of roughage in the diet causes constipation. FOOD GROUP: SOURCES AND FUNCTIONS (Adapted from FNRI Nutritional Guideline 2000) Food Groups Sources Functions/Uses Rice and Alternative Rice, Corn, Bread Other Bakery Products Cereals such as Oat meal Root Crops such as Potatoes, Yam, Sweet Potatoes, Cassava, Taro Supply the major bulk of Carbohydrates and Energy in the diet Provide Dietary fiber as well as some Protein, Vitamins and Minerals Meat and Alternatives Meat (including Organ Meats) Poultry, Eggs, Fish Seafood, Milk and Milk Products Dried Beans like Mongo, Soy beans, Nuts (Peanuts) Excellence sources of high-quality Protein required for growth and repair of body tissues Sources of absorbable Iron, B-Complex Vitamins and Minerals Rich in Calcium and Vitamin A Vegetables Green leafy vegetables such as Malunggay, Saluyot, Kangkong, KamoteTops, Gabi and Kalabasa Leaves Yellow Vegetables such as Carrots, Squash, Fruits and Flowers, Eggplant, Patola, Spring Beans Contribute Vitamins and Minerals Excellent sources of Beta-Carotene and Vitamin C Give bulk and roughage to the diet Fruits Fresh fruits Dried fruits Fruit juices Guave, Papaya, Mango, Oranges, Sineguelas (Vit. C- rich fruits) Banana, Pineapple, Melon Excellent sources of Beta-Carotene and Vitamin C Sources of Vitamins and Minerals Give bulk and roughage to the diet Fats and Oil Cooking oil, Butter, Margarine and Other Fats Concentrated sources of energy Increases energy intake Helps in the utilization of fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K Sources of Essential Fatty acids, Linoliec and Linolenic acids Improves the flavor of meals Sugar Naturally found in fruits and milk Inhibit growth of food-spoilage bacteria Act as preservatives Contribute to energy intake, sweetness and attractiveness to diet Water and Beverages Fruit juices Fruit-flavored drinks Coffee Tea Soft-drinks Regulate temperature Transport Electrolytes and other nutrients Excrete waste products from lungs, skin and kidney Lubricate joints and cushion the Nervous System